Fetal overgrowth and weight trajectories during infancy and adiposity in early childhood.

BACKGROUND: Large-for-gestational age (LGA), a marker of fetal overgrowth, has been linked to obesity in adulthood. Little is known about how infancy growth trajectories affect adiposity in early childhood in LGA. METHODS: In the Shanghai Birth Cohort, we followed up 259 LGA (birth weight >90th percentile) and 1673 appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA, 10th-90th percentiles) children on body composition (by InBody 770) at age 4 years. Adiposity outcomes include body fat mass (BFM), percent body fat (PBF), body mass index (BMI), overweight/obesity, and high adiposity (PBF >85th percentile). RESULTS: Three weight growth trajectories (low, mid, and high) during infancy (0-2 years) were identified in AGA and LGA subjects separately. BFM, PBF and BMI were progressively higher from low- to mid-to high-growth trajectories in both AGA and LGA children. Compared to the mid-growth trajectory, the high-growth trajectory was associated with greater increases in BFM and the odds of overweight/obesity or high adiposity in LGA than in AGA children (tests for interactions, all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Weight trajectories during infancy affect adiposity in early childhood regardless of LGA or not. The study is the first to demonstrate that high-growth weight trajectory during infancy has a greater impact on adiposity in early childhood in LGA than in AGA subjects. IMPACT: Large-for-gestational age (LGA), a marker of fetal overgrowth, has been linked to obesity in adulthood, but little is known about how weight trajectories during infancy affect adiposity during early childhood in LGA subjects. The study is the first to demonstrate a greater impact of high-growth weight trajectory during infancy (0-2 years) on adiposity in early childhood (at age 4 years) in subjects with fetal overgrowth (LGA) than in those with normal birth size (appropriate-for-gestational age). Weight trajectory monitoring may be a valuable tool in identifying high-risk LGA children for close follow-ups and interventions to decrease the risk of obesity.

Melatonin, a potentially effective drug for the treatment of infected bone nonunion.

Osteomyelitis (OM), characterized by heterogeneity and complexity in treatment, has a high risk of infection recurrence which may cause limb disability. Management of chronic inactive osteomyelitis (CIOM) without typical inflammatory symptoms is a great challenge for orthopedic surgeons. On the basis of data analysis of 1091 OM cases, we reported that latent osteogenic decline in CIOM patients was the main cause of secondary surgery. Our research shows that impairment of osteoblasts capacity in CIOM patients is associated with ferroptosis of osteoblasts caused by internalization of Staphylococcus aureus. Further studies show that melatonin could alleviate ferroptosis of osteoblasts in infected states through Nox4/ROS/P38 axis and protect the osteogenic ability of CIOM patients. Knockout of NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) in vivo could effectively relieve ferroptosis of osteoblasts in the state of infection and promote osteogenesis. Through a large number of clinical data analyses combined with molecular experiments, this study clarified that occult osteogenic disorders in CIOM patients were related to ferroptosis of osteoblasts. We revealed that melatonin might be a potential therapeutic drug for CIOM patients and provided a new insight for the treatment of OM.

Caregiver-child interaction as an effective tool for identifying autism spectrum disorder: evidence from EEG analysis.

BACKGROUND: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that affects individuals across their lifespan. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for improving outcomes. However, current diagnostic methods are often time-consuming, and costly, making them inaccessible to many families. In the current study, we aim to test caregiver-child interaction as a potential tool for screening children with ASD in clinic. METHODS: We enrolled 85 preschool children (Mean age: 4.90 ± 0.65 years, 70.6% male), including ASD children with or without developmental delay (DD), and typical development (TD) children, along with their caregivers. ASD core symptoms were evaluated by Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Calibrated Severity Scores (ADOS-CSS). Behavioral indicators were derived from video encoding of caregiver-child interaction, including social involvement of children (SIC), interaction time (IT), response of children to social cues (RSC), time for caregiver initiated social interactions (GIS) and time for children initiated social interactions (CIS)). Power spectral density (PSD) values were calculated by EEG signals simultaneously recorded. Partial Pearson correlation analysis was used in both ASD groups to investigate the correlation among behavioral indicators scores and ASD symptom severity and PSD values. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to describe the discrimination accuracy of behavioral indicators. RESULTS: Compared to TD group, both ASD groups demonstrated significant lower scores of SIC, IT, RSC, CIS (all p values < 0.05), and significant higher time for GIS (all p values < 0.01). SIC scores negatively correlated with CARS (p = 0.006) and ADOS-CSS (p = 0.023) in the ASD with DD group. Compared to TD group, PSD values elevated in ASD groups (all p values < 0.05), and was associated with SIC (theta band: p = 0.005; alpha band: p = 0.003) but not IQ levels. SIC was effective in identifying both ASD groups (sensitivity/specificity: ASD children with DD, 76.5%/66.7%; ASD children without DD, 82.6%/82.2%). CONCLUSION: Our results verified the behavioral paradigm of caregiver-child interaction as an efficient tool for early ASD screening.

Astragaloside IV - mediated endothelial progenitor cell exosomes promote autophagy and inhibit apoptosis in hyperglycemic damaged endothelial cells via miR-21/PTEN axis.

INTRODUCTION: As one of the basic components of Astragalus, Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) has a protective effect on endothelial injury caused by diabetes. AS-IV stimulated endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) to secrete exosomes loaded with miR-21. This study aimed to investigate the effects of AS-IV-mediated EPCs exosomal miR-21 (EPC-exos-miR-21) on high glucose (HG) damaged endothelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After the isolation of EPCs derived from fetal umbilical cord blood, exosomes of EPCs were obtained by differential centrifugation. The morphology of exosomes was observed by electron microscopy. The particle size distribution of exosomes was detected by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with 33 mM glucose to establish an HG injury model. Flow cytometry and TUNEL assay were used to characterize the surface markers of primary EPCs and the apoptosis of HUVECs. The gene and protein expression were detected by qPCR, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting. A dual luciferase assay was used to verify the targeting relationship of miR-21 with PTEN. RESULTS: HG environment led to time- and dose-dependent inhibition and enhancement of autophagy and apoptosis in HUVECs. AS-IV stimulated EPCs to secrete exosomes loaded with miR-21. Exosomes secreted by EPCs pretreated with AS-IV [EPC-exo(ASIV)] promoted autophagy and inhibited apoptosis in HG-impaired HUVECs. PTEN is a target of miR-21. MiR-21 carried by EPC-exo(ASIV) repressed PTEN expression in HG-impaired HUVECs. In contrast, p-AKT, p-mTOR, p-PI3K, cleaved PARP and PARP levels were upregulated. Compared to the HG group, the expression of autophagy regulatory genes (ATG5, beclin1 and LC3) was enhanced in the EPC-exo(ASIV) group and EPC-exo(ASIV)-miR-21 mimic group. In contrast, apoptosis-positive regulatory genes (Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9) were attenuated. Further overexpression of PTEN reversed the expression of these genes. CONCLUSIONS: AS-IV-mediated EPC-exos-miR-21 could enhance autophagy and depress apoptosis in HG-damaged endothelial cells via the miR-21/PTEN axis.

linc00174 deteriorates the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy via miR-26a-5p/PTEN/Akt signalling cascade-mediated pyroptosis.

PURPOSE: We aim to investigate the potential role and underlying mechanisms of linc00174 on pyroptosis in the pathogenesis of DR. METHODS: Expression patterns of linc00174, miR-26a-5p and PTEN in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (hRMECs) were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot, respectively. Biological functions of linc00174 on cell proliferation and pyroptosis were evaluated by CCK-8, flow cytometry, caspase-1 activity assays, respectively. Luciferase reporter assay was employed to verify the interaction between miR-26a-5p and linc00174/PTEN. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DR in mice was further constructed to verify the potential role of linc00174 in vivo. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical staining were performed to assess the pathological changes and caspase-1 expression in retinal tissues. RESULTS: Up-regulated linc00174 and PTEN and down-regulated miR-26a-5p were uncovered in hRMECs treated with high glucose (HG). Mechanistically, linc00174 served as a sponge of miR-26a-5p to facilitate PTEN expression. Functionally, knockdown of linc00174 inhibited HG-induced pyroptosis of hRMECs via targeting miR-26a-5p. Moreover, linc00174/miR-26a-5p axis participated in HG-induced pyroptosis via PTEN/Akt signaling cascade. Further, silencing of linc00174 attenuated pyroptosis via regulating miR-26a-5p/PETN axis in DR mice. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our study reveals that linc10074 deteriorates the pathogenesis of DR via miR-26a-5p/PTEN/Akt signalling cascade, which may shed light on the discovery of potential therapeutic agents for DR treatment.

Torreyadapanshanica (Taxaceae), a new species of gymnosperm from Zhejiang, East China.

Torreyadapanshanica X.F.Jin, Y.F.Lu & Zi L.Chen, a new species endemic to central Zhejiang, East China, is described and illustrated. This new species is most similar to T.jiulongshanensis (Z.Y.Li, Z.C.Tang & N.Kang) C.C.Pan, J.L.Liu & X.F.Jin, but differs in having leaves with an acuminate apex (vs. leaves with an acute apex), broadly ovoid-globose or globose seeds (vs. obovoid to narrowly obovoid seeds), slightly emarginate at the apex and obtuse-rounded at the base (vs. both acute at the apex and base), testa with irregular shallow grooves (vs. testa smooth or sometimes slightly concave). The diagnostic characters are critically compared and an IUCN assessment for the risk to the new species is estimated.

The efficacy of fascial granuloma excision with conjunctival autografting after pterygium surgery.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Pterygium has a high recurrence rate after simple excision, and fascial granuloma is one of the common complications of pterygium excision. This study aimed to investigate the treatment for the fascial granuloma. METHODS: In this study, the 36 eyes of 36 cases with fascial granuloma after pterygium excision were collected and divided into two groups to receive granuloma excision and conjunctival autografting or simple granuloma excision. The patients in the treatment group containing 20 cases received granuloma excision and conjunctival autografting, while the patients in the control group containing 16 cases received simple granuloma excision. RESULTS: The pathology examination results showed that all the removed granulomas were inflammatory granulation tissues that without bacterial infection. After 12 months' follow-up, there was no recurrence of fascia granuloma and pterygium in the treatment group, in which the cure rate was up to 100%. In the control group, 6 cases experienced a recurrence of the granuloma fascia 2~3 weeks after operation; after further granuloma excision and conjunctival autografting, pterygium recurred in 8 cases. CONCLUSION: The fascial granuloma excision with conjunctival autografting is effective and safe in treating fascial granuloma after pterygium surgery, which contributes to reducing the recurrence of pterygium.

Prunus pananensis (Rosaceae), a new species from Pan'an of central Zhejiang, China.

Prunus pananensis Z. L. Chen, W. J. Chen & X. F. Jin, a new species of Rosaceae from central Zhejiang, China is described and illustrated. Micromorphological characters of the indumentum on young shoots, leaves, petioles and peduncles, including scanning electron microscope [SEM] images, are provided. This new species is morphologically similar to P. schneiderianae Koehne in having its young shoots, petioles and pedicels all densely villose, but differs in having bracts persistent, styles glabrous, stipules 8-9 mm long, stamens 28-30 of per flower, and drupes glabrous. The new species is also similar to P. discoidea (Yü & C. L. Li) Yü & C. L. Li ex Z. Wei & Y. B. Chang in having 2 or 3 flowers in an umbellate inflorescence, and bracts persistent and marginally glandular, but it differs in having young shoots and petioles densely covered with yellowish-brown villose trichomes; leaves rounded or slightly cordate at base, the mid-ribs and lateral veins abaxially densely covered with yellowish-brown villose trichomes; and hypanthium ca. 3 mm long, shorter than sepals. The atpB-rbcL and trnL-F intergenic chloroplast spacers are selected for identification of the new and its similar species.

Chiral separation of bavachinin in Fructus Psoraleae and rat plasma by liquid chromatography using permethylated-ß-CD as a chiral selector.

A simple, sensitive and selective method of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been successfully developed for separation of bavachinin enantiomers in Fructus Psoraleae and rat plasma. The separation and detection conditions of HPLC were optimized. Chiral bavachinin were separated with the mobile phase of methanol and water (70:30, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The linear ranges were in the range of 20-1000 µg/mL. The detection limits were tested as 4 ng/mL and 6 ng/mL for (+)-bavachinin and (-)-bavachinin, respectively. The method has been applied to analyze chiral bavachinin in rat plasma. HPLC-MS method was used to test the accuracy.

Effect of Sanqi Oral Liquid on the expressions of CD4⁺, CD8⁺ and CD68⁺ cells in 5/6 nephrectomized rats with chronic renal failure.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanisms of Chinese herbal medicine Sanqi Oral Liquid, composed of Astragalus membranaceus and Panpax notoginseng, in alleviating renal injury by observing its effect on the expressions of CD4(+), CD8(+) and CD68(+) cells in 5/6 nephrectomized rats with chronic renal failure. METHODS: A total of 102 SD rats were randomly divided into six groups: three treatment groups were administrated with high, medium and low dosage of Sanqi Oral Liquid respectively by gavage; a normal group, a 5/6 nephrectomized model group, and a group treated with coated aldehyde oxygenstarch were used as controls. Following oral administration of Sanqi Oral Liquid for 12 weeks, the general condition and renal pathological changes were observed, and the renal function, platelet count (PLT) and the expressions of CD4(+), CD8(+) and CD68(+) cells were determined for each group. RESULTS: There were proliferation of mesangial matrix, renaltubularnecrosis and obvious tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the model group, and they were much milder in the treatment groups. Compared with the model group, the amounts of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr) and PLT in the treatment groups decreased (P<0.05 for all); and in the group administrated of medium dosage of Sanqi Oral Liquid, the expression of CD4(+) cells was up-regulated and those of CD8(+) and CD68(+) cells were down-regulated (P<0.05 for all), leading to an increased ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+)(P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Sanqi Oral Liquid has a significant effect on regulating lymphocyte subsets, reducing the infiltration of macrophages in renal tissues and alleviating tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and this may be one of mechanisms of Sanqi Oral Liquid in delaying the progression of chronic kidney diseases.

Genetic variation in wild and cultivated rhizoma corydalis revealed by ISSRs markers.

Rhizoma Corydalis is an important Chinese medicinal herb. In this paper, we employed ISSR data to explore the genetic variation in domesticated populations and wild populations of the species. The average of within-population ISSR diversity in cultivated populations (PPF=25.32%, Hpop=0.094) was lower than that in wild populations (PPF=47.70%, Hpop=0.144). Cultivated populations (PhiST=0.515, GST=0.429) have a greater proportion of their genetic variability distributed among populations than wild populations (PhiST=0.277, GST=0.226). Based on hierarchical estimates of variance components, significant statistical differences (57.77%, P<0.001) were found between the wild and cultivated groups. The low levels of genetic diversity within cultivated populations and high levels of genetic differentiation among populations/groups may result from artificial selection, the mode of clonal propagation, and only limited exchange of material among localities. Finally, some suggestions for conservation and efficient management of the genetic resources of this important medicinal herb are proposed.

[A study of the diversity of different geographical populations of Emmenopterys henryi using FTIR based on principal component analysis and cluster analysis].

Emmenopterys henryi, an endemic species in China, has been one of the grade II national key conservation rare and endangered plants. The spectra of stem and leaf of Emmenopterys henryi sampling from seven different geographical populations were determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry with OMNI-sampler directly, fast and accurately. A positioning technology of OMNIC E.S.P.5.1 intelligent software and ATR correction was used. It was scanned for the background before the determination of every example. The peak value and absorbance were ascertained using a method of baseline correction in infrared spectra. Based on the indices of wave number-absorbance from 721 to 3366 cm(-1), the differences of these infrared spectra were compared by the methods of principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. Results showed that there were some differences in FTIR spectra between stem and leaf of Emmenopterys henryi, so it was better to study the diversity of different geographical populations through using the leaf, for which the distance coefficient of clustering analysis plot and the position relationship of principal component analysis three-dimensional plot of the seven populations were bigger. Being far away from others populations, the infrared spectra of Emmenopterys henryi in Dapan Mountain and Gutian mountain had special characteristics, indicating significant diversity. At the same time, the infrared spectra of Jiulong Mountain, Wuyan Mountain and Songyang populations had their own characteristics. There were no significant difference in the position relationship of three-dimensional plot and distance coefficient of clustering analysis plot, showing that the chemical compositions of these three populations were of little difference, and the diversity differentiation was not remarkable. However, there were some significant differences in populations' diversity between Fengyang Mountain and Wencheng. It was indicated that the chemical composition of Emmenopterys henryi was affected by the special geographic positions and environment conditions. In a word, the remarkable differences in the chemical compositions of Emmenopterys henryi populations were consistent with their geographic distance far and near. The results also showed that there was good correspondence between the position relationship of PCA three-dimensional plot and distance coefficient of clustering analysis plot of the samples based on the indices of wave number-absorbance of FTIR and their geographic distance relationship. Therefore, FTIR can be used widely for studying and protecting the rare and endangered plants. It is not only provides the theoretic base of community ecology and ecosystem ecology of Emmenopterys henryi, but also has important theory and realistic meaning for exploring the mechanism of species endangerment, protecting and proliferating the populations of Emmenopterys henryi.